====== Background ======
AT&T Uverse service is a triple-play service (internet, phone, and TV) provided by AT&T - depending on what service is available in your area you may be getting FTTH (Fiber to the Home), FTTN (Fiber to the Node), or VDSL (either bonded or unbonded).

FTTN and VDSL both use VDSL2 connectivity from your house to the network. The advantage with FTTN over FTTH is reduced deployment costs for MDUs (Multiple Dwelling Units, such as duplexes or apartment complexes) - AT&T only has to run fiber to a local node that then serves VDSL2 to the customers.

The problem isn't the service, the problem is with the Residential Gateway that AT&T provides. It's a decently powerful unit that allows for triple play services. However, there are a lot of limitations in the RG, namely the limitation of ~8000 NAT sessions, a poor interface with very limited options, and no true passthrough.

But wait! IP Passthrough? Why not just use that? The problem is **if you're using IP Passthrough, the RG still tracks all connections going through the RG**. Once you hit the connection limit of 8000 connections, which admittedly is more than most people need, the RG will refuse new connections. 

I've also had some instances where the RG will spontaneously reboot or crash and hang when under heavy usage. I needed to explore options on how to bypass the RG and use my own (hopefully more sane) DSL modem that doesn't do any connection tracking is just a pure layer 2 bridge between AT&T's VDSL network and my router. 

Doing some research, my particular VDSL service is unbonded so it only uses one pair of copper lines. This is important because the only DSL modem that is supported by OpenWRT is the Netgear DM200, which only supports unbonded VDSL.

**If you have bonded VDSL service, this will probably not work for you.**

Why do we have to use OpenWRT, and not just use the DM200 in bridge mode with the stock firmware? The reason is because AT&T uses EAPOL authentication instead of every other sane DSL provider that uses PPPoE. There are a few benefits to this, namely authentication is provided by certificates and not usernames and passwords, and also there is no need for MTU shifting.

The downside is that in my testing, the DM200 in bridge mode does not forward EAPOL / 802.1x packets to the DSL link. This is by design in bridged interfaces, but there is a workaround for it. However, testing the workaround did not solve the problem.

The solution was to run wpa_supplicant on the DM200 itself so the DM200 can authenticate using EAPOL, then bridge the DSL line to the Ethernet line so raw layer 2 traffic is sent to my router.

In this configuration, the DM200 does not connection tracking and no firewall. The only purpose of the DM200 is to run wpa_supplicant for authentication, and to bridge the DSL and Ethernet links. 

====== Hardware Needed ======
  *Netgear DM200 VDSL modem 
  *AT&T Uverse Router / Gateway BGW210-700
  *A router that is capable of setting VLANs on the WAN / Ethernet interface
    *I'm using a Ubiquiti Unifi Security Gateway Pro 4 port. Any prosumer or professional router should allow you to set the vlan on the WAN interface, but I haven't seen this option in consumer Linksys / Netgear etc type routers. You may need to flash an alternative firmware like OpenWRT to get this if you have a consumer grade router.
====== Software Needed ======
  *curl (already installed on recent Windows 10 builds)
  *7zip - https://www.7-zip.org/
  *FileZilla - https://filezilla-project.org/
  *PuTTY - https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html
  *mfg_dat_decode - https://mega.nz/#!n75hDYzQ!HpVMP1h8o3Nol0IKGLKdVA8bh5p1Kq_JFn08FSK_dPo
    *Your computer may detect malware and prevent you from downloading this file. If it makes you uncomfortable, you can run it in a VM and destroy the VM when you're done. 
  *AT&T UVerse RG firmware archive - https://mega.nz/file/35lBkbzC#MTrKdt57SEuz81Tn3MBKm-o_s1zv643MLmxyKILjsk8

== Setup Netgear DM200 VDSL Modem ==
The Netgear DM200 VDSL modem needs to be flashed to use OpenWRT, and some prep work needs to be started before we can take down the AT&T UVerse modem. The reason why we have to use OpenWRT for the DM200 modem is because AT&T uses [[https://ipcisco.com/lesson/eapol-extensible-authentication-protocol-over-lan/|EAPOL]] for authentication vs every other DSL provider that uses [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet|PPPoE]]. The stock firmware on the Netgear DM200 does have PPPoE support, but no EAPOL. Additionally, I have tried putting the modem into bridge mode and running ''wpa_supplicant'' on my router, but no EAP packets are forwarded to AT&T's authenticator through the Netgear DM200 modem's bridge. From my tinkering, the Netgear DM200 uses a standard brctl Linux bridge. However, the standard brctl Linux bridge does not forward EAPOL packets due to it's design. It's [[https://www.gremwell.com/linux_kernel_can_forward_802_1x|possible]] to force the bridge to forward EAPOL packets but in testing this did not work, either with the stock DM200 firmware or OpenWRT firmware.  

In this configuration, we are going to be running ''wpa_supplicant'' on the DM200 itself, and bridge the DSL connection to the Ethernet connection. This allows a pure layer 2 bridge between the AT&T DSL network, no MTU shifting, and the DM200 does not use any resources managing or tracking connections besides the layer 2 bridge and running ''wpa_supplicant''. 

  -Head over to https://openwrt.org/toh/netgear/dm200 and flash the OpenWRT firmware to the DM200
  -After the DM200 comes up, log into the DM200 and reconfigure the ''eth0'' interface to be a **DHCP client**. 
  -Set the DM200 to apply changes **without verification**, and then plug the modem into your home network with internet access.
  -Log into the DM200 again and go into the system settings to synchronize the time to your browser and set your time zone. This is important because the authentication certificates are time dependent. 
  -Change the root password, so the SSH server is activated and you can log into it with SSH
  -Go to the package manager in the DM200 and install the following packages:
    -''wpa-supplicant''
    -''ca-certificates''
    -''openssh-sftp-server''

====== Extract Certificates From AT&T UVerse RG ======
  -Unzip AT&T RG Uverse firmware package - we're looking for ''spTurquoise210-700_1.0.29.bin''
  -Disconnect the DSL cable from the UVerse RG. 
  -Log into your UVerse RG and downgrade the firmware with the above firmware file. The process takes several minutes and modem will reboot. 
  -After the modem is running again, go to http://192.168.1.254/cgi-bin/ipalloc.ha and assign yourself a static IP address
  -Refresh your computer's IP address to make sure you have the private IP address that was assigned.
  -Log into the UVerse RG again and authenticate
  -Run the following curl commands to start a telnet server on the UVerse modem. When prompted for the password for the user ''tech'', just hit ''ENTER''. After the last command is executed, the UVerse RG will reboot. 
    *''%%curl -k -u tech -H "User-Agent: blah" -H "Connection:Keep-Alive" -d "appid=001&set_data=| echo 28telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/telnetd -i -l /bin/nsh > /var/etc/inetd.d/telnet28|" -v --http1.1 https://192.168.1.254:49955/caserver%%''
    *''%%curl -k -u tech -H "User-Agent: blah" -H "Connection:Keep-Alive" -d "appid=001&set_data=| pfs -a /var/etc/inetd.d/telnet28|" -v --http1.1 https://192.168.1.254:49955/caserver%%''
    *''%%curl -k -u tech -H "User-Agent: blah" -H "Connection:Keep-Alive" -d "appid=001&set_data=| pfs -s|" -v --http1.1 https://192.168.1.254:49955/caserver%%''
    *''%%curl -k -u tech -H "User-Agent: blah" -H "Connection:Keep-Alive" -d "appid=001&set_data=| reboot|" -v --http1.1 https://192.168.1.254:49955/caserver%%''
  -Log into the UVerse RG with PuTTY using the IP address 192.168.1.254 on port 28 using the Telnet selection
  -Remount ''root'' file system as writeable
    *''mount -o remount,rw /dev/ubi0 /''
  -Mount the ''mfg'' partition which contains the certificates
    * ''mount mtd:mfg -t jffs2 /mfg''
  -Copy the certificate bundle to the web server directory
    *''cp /mfg/mfg.dat /www/att/mfg.dat''
  -Tar and copy the intermediate and root certificates to the web server directory
    *''tar -zcvf /www/att/certs.tar.gz /etc/rootcert/''
  -Download the certificate bundle and the intermediate and root certificates:
    *http://192.168.1.254/mfg.dat  
    *http://192.168.1.254/certs.tar.gz
  -<del>Throw the UVerse RG into the garbage</del>
    *Don't actually throw it in the garbage, you need to return it when you terminate your service with AT&T otherwise they will bill you a hefty sum.
    *Using the firmware archive that was downloaded earlier, you can step the UVerse back up to the current firmware by flashing 1.0.29, then 1.5.12, then 2.7.1
  -Extract the ''mfg_dat_decode'' utility that was downloaded earlier
  -Extract the ''certs.tar.gz'' archive that was downloaded earlier
  -Copy the ''mfg.dat'' file into the folder with the ''mfg_dat_decode binary''
  -Copy all of the certificates extracted from ''certs.tar.gz'' into the folder with the ''mfg_dat_decode'' binary
  -Run the ''mfg_dat_decode'' binary, which will extract and create a tar.gz containing certificates and a ''wpa_supplicant.conf'' configuration file.
  -Extract the tar.gz file - you'll end up with a directory that contains three ''pem'' formatted certificates, a sample ''wpa_supplicant.conf'' file, and a ''readme.txt'' file. 

====== Generate / Uplink wpa_supplicant Files ======
  -Create a new text file, and paste the following into it and save it as ''99_dsl_eapol.sh'' - you can also just click on the link below and download it.<code - 99_dsl_eapol.sh>#!/bin/sh

logger -t DSL "$DSL_NOTIFICATION_TYPE $DSL_INTERFACE_STATUS"

if [ "$DSL_NOTIFICATION_TYPE" = "DSL_INTERFACE_STATUS" ] && [ "$DSL_INTERFACE_STATUS" = "UP" ]; then
        logger -t DSL "DSL interface UP, starting wpa_supplicant..."
        /usr/sbin/wpa_supplicant -s -B -P /var/run/wpa_supplicant.pid -D wired -i dsl0 -b br-br0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
        ip link set eth0 down
        sleep 5
        ip link set eth0 up
fi

if [ "$DSL_NOTIFICATION_TYPE" = "DSL_INTERFACE_STATUS" ] && [ "$DSL_INTERFACE_STATUS" = "DOWN" ]; then
        logger -t DSL "DSL interface DOWN, killing wpa_supplicant..."
        if [ -e /var/run/wpa_supplicant.pid ]; then
                kill $(cat /tmp/run/wpa_supplicant.pid)
        fi
        ip link set eth0 down
fi
</code>
  -Edit the ''wpa_supplicant.conf'' file using a text editor. 
    *Look for the lines that start with ''ca_cert'', ''client_cert'', and ''private_key'' and add ''/etc/wpa_supplicant/'' before the filename. For example: <code>ca_cert="/etc/wpa_supplicant/CA_001E46-27058949910000.pem"
client_cert="/etc/wpa_supplicant/Client_001E46-27058949910000.pem"
eap=TLS
eapol_flags=0
identity="18:9C:27:18:ED:F1" # Internet (ONT) interface MAC address must match this value
key_mgmt=IEEE8021X
phase1="allow_canned_success=1 tls_disable_time_checks=1"
private_key="/etc/wpa_supplicant/PrivateKey_PKCS1_001E46-27058949910000.pem"</code>
  -Open FileZilla and connect to the DM200 modem using the sftp protocol as the ''root''
  -Create a new directory ''/etc/wpa_supplicant''
  -Upload the ''wpa_supplicant.conf'' file and the three ''pem'' encoded certificates to ''/etc/wpa_supplicant''
  -Upload the ''99_dsl_eapol.sh'' file to ''/etc/hotplug.d/dsl'' and apply 0755 / -rwxr-xr-x permissions
  -**Do not reboot the DM200 from now on, otherwise you will need to factory reset the DM200 and start over**
== Configure the DM200 And Go Online! ==
  -Log into the web interface for the DM200, and delete all of the interfaces. On my default configuration, there was a eth0, dsl0 and dsl0-ipv6 interface. 
  -Create a new ''eth0'' interface and set it to unmanaged
  -Create a new ''dsl0'' interface and set it to unmanaged
  -Create a new ''br0'' bridge interface with ''eth0'' and ''dsl0'' as slave interfaces, and set it to unmanaged
  -Apply changes **without verification** - at this point the modem will disappear from the network. Wait a few minutes, and then turn it off.
  -Connect the Ethernet cable to your router and the DSL cable to the phone line.
  -Set the WAN interface on your router to use ''vlan 0''
  -Turn on the DM200. After a few minutes it should synchronize and train the DSL line. When training is complete, the DSL light will stop blinking and turn solid green.
  -A few seconds after the DSL light turns solid green, the Ethernet light should turn off and then back on after 5 seconds. 
  -At this point the DSL modem should have authenticated using EAPOL using ''wpa_supplicant'', and you should be able to get a IP address and access the internet!

====== Known Problems ======
  *DSL training sometimes gets hung up on the DM200. This only happens with the OpenWRT firmware and I haven't been able to figure out why. Power cycling usually solves the problem. 
  *Currently there is no way to access the DM200 to configure or view settings. On most DSL / cable modems, it is accessible on a static IP address such as ''192.168.100.1'' or ''192.168.5.1'' even after it has connected to the ISP network. I tried assigning an IP address to the bridge interface on the DM200, but I still can't access it.
    *The only way to get into the modem now is through the UART, which is documented [[https://openwrt.org/toh/netgear/dm200|here]]. I used the Adafruit UART to USB cable and connected to the serial console using PuTTY. Pressing ''ENTER'' after connecting will drop you into a root shell.
  *The DM200 gets HOT in usage. Probably worth investigating how to cool it better, some scattered reports that the DM200 might not be the most reliable DSL modem because of the heat it generates. 
== Sources and References ==
  * https://pastebin.com/SUGLTfv4
  * https://openwrt.org/toh/netgear/dm200
  * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X
  * https://www.dupuis.xyz/bgw210-700-root-and-certs/
  * http://earlz.net/view/2012/06/07/0026/rooting-the-nvg510-from-the-webui
  * https://www.reddit.com/r/ATT/comments/g59rwm/bgw210700_root_exploitbypass/
  * https://www.devicelocksmith.com/2018/12/eap-tls-credentials-decoder-for-nvg-and.html